Assets are resources that either an individual or a company uses. Someone’s personal assets may consist of their work experience or a life insurance policy, while a business’s assets include things the company can use to generate revenue, like inventory or employees.
Asset Definition
An asset is typically any useful thing or something that holds value. Most people have personal assets, like cash, savings accounts, bonds, life insurance policies, jewelry, and collectibles. A person’s skills and abilities can also be an asset.
In business, though, assets need to provide positive economic value — the resource must create or produce something that the company can sell for cash, or the resource itself must hold resale value.
Most things a company owns or controls are assets in one way or another. For example, employees are assets because companies need people to keep things running, create products, or offer services. The building the employees work in is also an asset, as well as any piece of machinery and the inventory employees make or use.
Who Needs to Know About Assets?
Assets are at the heart of any business’s finances, so business owners and members of a company’s finance team need to understand their company’s assets intimately. Accountants, in particular, must have a strong understanding of assets and how they affect a company’s finances. Accounting often involves looking at the relationships between assets and other key metrics of a business’s finances, like revenue, liabilities, and equity.
Types of Assets
Business-related assets typically fall into three categories: how well the asset can be converted to cash, whether or not the asset physically exists, and how the asset is used.
Conversion to Cash
How easily a company can convert something to cash is called liquidity. Some resources are very liquid, meaning they can be turned into cash easily. Others are less liquid, though.
Current Assets
Current assets are very liquid — these are short-term resources that a company can quickly turn into cash. Typically, a company will hold current assets for a year or less before using them or selling them.
Some examples of current assets include:
- Cash or money in accessible accounts, like a savings account
- Bonds
- Inventory
- Accounts receivable (customers or clients who pay the company money)
- Securities (like stocks)
Non-Current Assets
Non-current assets, often called fixed assets, are not very liquid — these are long-term holdings owned by the company for many years before they become cash.
Examples of non-current assets include:
- Buildings and other real estate
- Machinery or production equipment
- Retirement savings
Physical Existence
While many assets are material and can be held and seen, others aren’t — they are more like ideas or concepts than physical buildings or property.
Tangible Assets
Tangible assets are exactly that — tangible. These types of resources often overlap with current and non-current assets, too.
Examples of tangible assets include:
- Buildings
- Machinery
- Cash
- Inventory
- Equipment
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets may have a physical representation through a contract or form, but the asset itself cannot be held or touched in any absolute sense.
Some examples of intangible assets are:
- Copyrights
- Brand recognition
- Trademarks
- Patents
- Intellectual property
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How the Asset Is Used
How a business uses an asset is an important classification, especially when looking at future projections. A company must understand which resources are core to day-to-day operations and which are peripheral or non-essential for daily use.
Operating Assets
A company’s operating assets are resources that are vital for daily function. There is a lot of overlap between operating assets and nearly every other category of assets. For example, many current assets, like inventory, are necessary for day-to-day operations.
Examples of operating assets include:
- Cash
- Machinery
- Copyrights
- Buildings
- Patents
- Employees
Non-Operating Assets
Non-operating assets are non-essential resources that are not used daily by a company. Some non-operating resources are common for most businesses, such as stocks or unused real estate. However, certain companies may have different non-operating assets. For example, a company may own a patent for a product they no longer produce, making the patent a non-operating asset.
Examples of common non-operating assets are:
- Securities (like stocks)
- Unused or broken machinery
- Vacant land or real estate
- Excess or unallocated cash
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Assets vs. Liabilities
If assets are resources the company uses to generate income, liabilities are the opposite: These are financial obligations to others. Liabilities often include loan payments, mortgages, accrued expenses, and accounts payable (money the company owes to customers or clients). Every company has a mix of assets, liabilities, and equity (investments in the company from founders or outside investors).
Assets, liabilities, and equity are the building blocks of a company’s finances. They also are the core aspects of the accounting equation — a formula that ensures accuracy in a double accounting system.
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Showing You Understand Assets on a Resume
Assets are a part of the foundation for accounting, so many accounting skills rely on an in-depth understanding of assets. Suppose you have prior work or internship experience in accounting. In that case, some skills you can mention in the description of your experience or in your resume skills section that will convey an understanding of assets include:
- Compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)
- Creation of financial statements, like balance sheets or profit and loss statements
- Maintenance of the company’s general ledger
- Ensured accuracy in accounts payable and receivable
If you don’t have work or internship experience in accounting, you can focus on your past coursework that involved core accounting skills. You can also use your cover letter to describe any experiences you have outside of the professional or academic space. For instance, you can talk about if you’ve helped a friend or family member balance their small business’s books or organize their company’s finances.
>>MORE: Check out the top accounting skills you need for your resume.
Related Skills in Accounting
Accountants need a mix of hard and soft skills to be truly successful. Understanding assets and how they affect a company’s finances is essential, but other skills accountants should possess are:
- Attention to detail
- Adaptability
- High level of competency with Excel and other accounting software (like QuickBooks)
- Data modeling
- Knowledge of accounting-specific calculations and formulas (such as the current ratio formula)
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